Artikel Tentang Bahaya Merokok

ZAT-ZAT BERACUN PADA ROKOK

           

            Rokok mengandung kurang lebih 4000 lebih elemen-elemen dan setidaknya 200 diantaranya berbahaya bagi kesehatan. Racun utama pada rokok adalah tar, nikotin, dan karbon monoksida. Selain itu, dalam sebatang rokok juga mengandung bahan-bahan kimia lain yang tak kalah beracunnya.

Zat-zat beracun yang terdapat dalam rokok antara lain adalah sebagai berikut :

1.Karbon monoksida (CO).
            Gas CO adalah sejenis gas yang tidak memiliki bau. Unsur ini dihasilkan oleh pembakaran yang tidak sempurna dari unsur zat arang atau karbon. Gas CO yang dihasilkan sebatang rokok dapat mencapai 3 – 6%, gas ini dapat di hisap oleh siapa saja. Oleh orang yang merokok atau orang yang terdekat dengan si perokok, atau orang yang berada dalam satu ruangan. Seorang yang merokok hanya akan menghisap 1/3 bagian saja, yaitu arus yang tengah atau mid-stream, sedangkan arus pinggir (side – stream) akan tetap berada diluar. Sesudah itu perokok tidak akan menelan semua asap tetapi ia semburkan lagi keluar.

            Gas CO mempunyai kemampuan mengikat hemoglobin (Hb) yang terdapat dalam sel darah merah (eritrosit) lebih kuat dibanding oksigen, sehingga setiap ada asap rokok disamping kadar oksigen udara yang sudah berkurang, ditambah lagi sel darah merah akan semakin kekurangan oksigen, oleh karena yang diangkut adalah CO dan bukan O2 (oksigen). Sel tubuh yang menderita kekurangan oksigen akan berusaha meningkatkan yaitu melalui kompensasi pembuluh darah dengan jalan menciut atau spasme. Bila proses spasme berlangsung lama dan terus menerus maka pembuluh darah akan mudah rusak dengan terjadinya proses aterosklerosis (penyempitan). Penyempitan pembuluh darah akan terjadi dimana-mana. Di otak, di jantung, di paru, di ginjal, di kaki, di saluran peranakan, di ari-ari pada wanita hamil.

2. Nikotin

            Nikotin adalah merupakan candu yang sangat kuat.  Nikotin rokok mengandung lebih banyak zat addictive (zat yang menyebabkan kecanduan) daripada heroin ataupun kokain. Perusahaan-perusahaan rokok seringkali memanipulasi kadar nikotin pada rokok yang mereka produksi agar memberikan rasa yang tetap sama. Mereka juga tidak bisa memastikan kadar nikotin yang sama pada setiap batang rokok yang anda hisap.

            Nikotin yang terkandung di dalam asap rokok antara 0.5 – 3 ng, dan semuanya diserap, sehingga di dalam cairan darah atau plasma antara 40 – 50 ng/ml. Nikotin bukan merupakan komponen karsinogenik. Hasil pembusukan panas dari nikotin seperti dibensakridin, dibensokarbasol, dan nitrosamin-lah yang bersifat karsinogenik. Pada paru, nikotin dapat menghambat aktivitas silia. Seperti halnya heroin dan kokain, nikotin juga memiliki karakteristik efek adiktif dan psikoaktif. Perokok akan merasakan kenikmatan, kecemasan berkurang, toleransi dan keterikatan fisik. Hal itulah yang menyebabkan mengapa sekali merokok susah untuk berhenti.

            Efek nikotin menyebabkan perangsangan terhadap hormon kathekolamin (adrenalin) yang bersifat memacu jantung dan tekanan darah. Jantung tidak diberikan kesempatan istirahat dan tekanan darah akan semakin meninggi, berakibat timbulnya hipertensi.
Efek lain merangsang berkelompoknya trombosit (sel pembekuan darah), trombosit akan menggumpal dan akhirnya akan menyumbat pembuluh darah yang sudah sempit akibat asap yang mengandung CO yang berasal dari rokok.

3. Tar

            Tar adalah sebuah zat yang dihasilkan dalam pembakaran tembakau (rokok biasa) dan bahan tanaman lain (rokok herbal) ketika seseorang merokok. Ia merupakan campuran dari beberapa zat yang bersama-sama membentuk suatu massa yang dapat melekat di paru-paru.Tar adalah sejenis cairan kental berwarna coklat tua atau hitam yang merupakan substansi hidrokarbon yang bersifat lengket dan menempel pada paru-paru. Kadar tar pada rokok antara 0,5-35 mg per batang. Tar merupakan suatu zat karsinogen yang dapat menimbulkan kanker pada jalan nafas dan paru-paru.

4. Kadmium
            Kadmium adalah zat yang dapat meracuni jaringan tubuh terutama ginjal.

5. Akrolein
            Akrolein merupakan zat cair yang tidak berwarna seperti aldehid. Zat ini sedikit banyak mengandung kadar alcohol. Artinya, akrolein ini adalah alcohol yang cairannya telah diambil. Cairan ini sangat mengganggu kesehatan.

6. Amoniak
            Amoniak merupakan gas yang tidak berwarna yang terdiri dari nitrogen dan hydrogen. Zat ini tajam baunya dan sangat merangsang. Begitu kerasnya racun yang ada pada ammonia sehingga jika masuk sedikit pun ke dalam peredaran darah akan mengakibatkan seseorang pingsan atau koma.

7. Asam Format
            Asam format merupakan sejenis cairan tidak berwarna yang bergerak bebas dan dapat membuat lepuh. Cairan ini sangat tajam dan menusuk baunya. Zat ini dapat menyebabkan seseorang seperti merasa digigit semut.

8. Hidrogen Sianida/HCN
            Hidrogen sianida merupakan sejenis gas yang tidak berwarna, tidak berbau dan tidak memiliki rasa. Zat ini merupakan zat yang paling ringan, mudah terbakar dan sangat efisien untuk menghalangi pernapasan dan merusak saluran pernapasan. Sianida adalah salah satu zat yang mengandung racun yang sangat berbahaya. Sedikit saja sianida dimasukkan langsung ke dalam tubuh dapat mengakibatkan kematian.

9. Nitrous Oxid
            Nitrous oxide merupakan sejenis gas yang tidak berwarna, dan bila terhisap dapat menyebabkan hilangnya pertimbangan dan menyebabkan rasa sakit. Nitrous oxide ini adalah sejenis zat yang pada mulanya dapat digunakan sebagai pembius waktu melakukan operasi oleh dokter.

10. Formaldehid
            Formaldehid adalah sejenis gas tidak berwarna dengan bau tajam. Gas ini tergolong sebagai pengawet dan pembasmi hama. Gas ini juga sangat beracun keras terhadap semua organisme hidup.

11. Fenol
            Fenol adalah campuran dari kristal yang dihasilkan dari distilasi beberapa zat organic seperti kayu dan arang, serta diperoleh dari tar arang. Zat ini beracun dan membahayakan karena fenol ini terikat ke protein dan menghalangi aktivitas enzim.

12. Asetol
            Asetol adalah hasil pemanasan aldehid (sejenis zat yang tidak berwarna yang bebas bergerak) dan mudah menguap dengan alcohol.

13. Hidrogen sulfida
            Hidrogen sulfida adalah sejenis gas yang beracun yang gampang terbakar dengan bau yang keras. Zat ini menghalangi oksidasi enzim (zat besi yang berisi pigmen).

14. Piridin
            Piridin adalah sejenis cairan tidak berwarna dengan bau tajam. Zat ini dapat digunakan mengubah sifat alcohol sebagai pelarut dan pembunuh hama.

15. Metil Klorida
            Metil klorida adalah campuran dari zat-zat bervalensi satu antara hydrogen dan karbon merupakan unsurnya yang utama. Zat ini adalah senyawa organic yang beracun.

16. Metanol
            Metanol adalah sejenis cairan ringan yang mudah menguap dan mudah terbakar. Meminum atau menghisap methanol mengakibatkan kebutaan dan bahkan kematian.

Akibat dari Merokok

            Sesungguhnya sudah mulai terasa pada waktu orang baru mulai menghisap rokok. Dalam asap rokok yang membara karena diisap, tembakau terbakar kurang sempurna sehingga menghasilkan CO (karbon mono oksida), yang disamping asapnya sendiri, tar dan nikotine (yang terjadi juga dari pembakaran tembakau tersebut) dihirup masuk ke dalam jalan napas.

·         CO, Tar, dan Nikotin
CO, Tar, dan Nikotin tersebut berpengaruh terhadap syaraf yang menyebabkan :
- Gelisah, tangan gemetar (tremor)
- Cita rasa / selera makan berkurang
- Ibu-ibu hamil yang suka merokok dapat kemungkinan keguguran kandungannya

·         Tar dan Asap Rokok 
            Tar dan asap rokok merangsang jalan napas, dan tar tersebut tertimbun disaluran itu yang menyebabkan :
- Batuk-batuk atau sesak napas
- Tar yang menempel di jalan napas dapat menyebabkan kanker jalan napas,
lidah atau bibir

·         Nikotin 
            Nikotin merangsang bangkitnya adrenalin hormon dari anak ginjal yang menyebabkan :
- Jantung berdebar-debar
- Meningkatkan tekanan darah serta kadar kholesterol dalam darah,
tang erat dengan terjadinya serangan jantung

·         Gas CO (Karbon Mono Oksida) 
            Gas CO juga berpengaruh negatif terhadap jalan napas dari pembuluh darah.
Karbon mono oksida lebih mudah terikat pada hemoglobin daripada oksigen. Oleh sebab itu, darah orang yang kemasukan CO banyak, akan berkurang daya angkutnya bagi oksigen dan orang dapat meninggal dunia karena keracunan karbon mono oksida.  Pada seorang perokok tidak akan sampai terjadi keracunan CO, namun pengaruh CO yang dihirup oleh perokok dengan sedikit demi sedikit, dengan lambat namun pasti akan berpengaruh negatif pada jalan napas.

 

Comment :

            Cigarette contain substances that are harmful to our health. But for some reason, people still continue to smoke, even though they know that smoking is harmful to their health. I hate cigarette smoke, because the smell is really so oppressive and can make me cough. Sometimes the smokers also had never thought of the impact of cigarette smoke of them to other people. For example, in the corridors of my own campus, smokers do not abide the rules which obviously forbid to smoke. In campus should also be provided with special rooms for smokers, so students who smoke in the corridor do not disturbing another student with the smoke of their cigarette, because the cigarette also has a negative impact on people who do not smoke, usually called as passive smokers, yes from the smoke-induced cigarette which can disrupt breathing. Smokers should trying to not endanger their own health. If it is indeed difficult to quit smoking, it can be tried by eating candy when the desire to smoke arises. It is always better to prevent than cure. 

Sumber :  http://note-why.blogspot.com/2012/09/artikel-tentang-bahaya-merokok.html

Grammar On Toefl Test

I will try to explain the structure part in the TOEFL test. After looking for a reference, I will discuss 5 of 20 materials that are often out on the TOEFL test structure.

a.       Basic Sentences Stucture

There was no significant difference between the structure of English sentences with Indonesian, where a sentence is built upon  four main components :

Subject (S) + Verb (V) + Complement (C) + Modifier (M)

1.       SUBJECT

·         is the agent of sentence in the active voice

·         is thing/person that performs or responsible for the action of a sentence

·         normally precedes the verb

Example :

1.       I explain how to study English

2.       She listens to my explanation

3.       They didn’t understand that language

2.  VERB

Verb is the action of a sentence

Example :

1.       I am learning English (am = auxilary, learning = main verb)

2.       My brother is very clever

3.       She has gone home (has = auxilary, gone = main verb)

4.       I have been waiting here (have been = auxilary, waiting = main verb

3. COMPLEMENT

Example :

•     Sarijon bought a cake yesterday

What did Sarijon buy yesterday?  –> a cake.

•     He saw Tony at the movie

Whom did he see at the movie? –> Tony

•     I explain pharmacology to my students

What do I explain to my students? –> pharmacology

4. MODIFIER

Example :

•     John bought a book at a book fair

Where did John buy a book? –> at a book fair

•     She is driving very fast

How is she driving? –> very fast

•     I posted my application yesterday

When do I post my application? –> yesterday

b.      Parallel Structure

Parallelism meaning of words used in a network or cluster should have the same grammatical form. When we use words or phrases that are connected by the conjunction in a network, the form should be the same as grammar.

Example :

* Terry likes swimming and to dive. (False – not parallel)

* Terry likes swimming and diving. (True – parallel)

* Terry likes to swim and (to) dive. (True – parallel)

* I’m taking history, math, and chemical. (False – Chemical isn’t a noun)

* I’m taking history, math, and chemistry

c.       Comparative Adjectives

When talking about the two objects, we can compare and see the differences as well similarities between the two objects. Maybe it has the same thing on one side and the difference on the other side. To compare the difference between the two objects we use comparative adjectives. Comparison is only using comparative adjectives to compare between two objects only.

There are two ways to create a comparative adjectives:

1. Adding the suffix-er (short adjectives)

2. Adding more prefix (long adjectives)

Addition of a suffix rule for short adjectives:

- Generally only added adjective-er, for example: older, smaller, richer, etc.

- If the ending-e, just add r, for example: later, nicer, etc..

- If the ending in a consonant-vowel-consonant, the final consonant plus, then plus-er, for example: bigger, hotter, etc.

- If the ending-y, then y changed to i then added er, for example: happier, Earlier, busier, heavier, etc.

For long adjectives, the rule only adds more words only on adjectives, for example: expensive to be more expensive, more beautiful to be beautiful, and so on.

Some adjectives have irregular shapes, such as good - better, well (healthy) - better, bad - worse, far - farther / further, etc.

Adjectives with two syllables can use-er or more: quiet - quieter / more quiet, clever - cleverer / more clever, narrow - narrower / more narrow, simple - Simpler / more simple. Comparative adjectives are not only used to compare two different objects, but can also be used to compare the same object that points to itself, and the object is not to say, as one example sentence above: I want to have a more powerful computer.

1.       Adjectives with one syllable

To make the comparative form of an adjective with one syllable, we add-er to the adjective, for example:

• slow - slower

• fast - faster

• tall - taller

• short – shorter

To make a comparison of an adjective with one syllable and ends with the letter-e, we simply add-r. example:

• nice - nicer

• large – larger

If adjectives with one syllable ending with vowels and consonants, then we double the consonant. example:

• - big - bigger

• hot - hotter

• thin – thinner

2.       Adjectives with two syllables

If the adjective has two or more syllables, we add the adjective moresebelum. example:

• This book is more expensive than that book.

• This picture is more beautiful.

However, there are many exceptions to the rule of one / two syllables it.

Some words with 2 syllables have properties similar to words that have 1 syllable. example:

• This is Easier - True

• This is more easy - not really

• This is Simpler - True

• This is more simple – False

And some adjectives can use both comparative form. example:

- Clever - cleverer - more clever: These are all correct

- Quiet - quieter - more quiet: These are all correct.

No exceptions can be learned through the rules, the best way to learn is to learn it one by one.

d.      Conditional Clauses

Conditional (sentence presupposition) explains that an activity contrary to other activities. The most common conditional is Real and Unreal Conditonal Conditonal, sometimes called if-clauses.

Real Conditional (often also referred to as Conditional Type I) which describes if in accordance with the facts.Unreal Conditional (often also referred to as Conditional Type II) which describes the supposition that no real or imagined.

There is also a 3rd Conditional often called the Conditional Type III, is used as a regret that happened in the past and zero conditionals, used to express something that is definitely true. Note: If the clause "if" is placed at the beginning of a sentence, we must use the "coma". Conversely, if the clause "if" is behind, then there should be no comma.

Conditional or modality has 3 forms:

1. Future Conditional (Conditional Type 1)

This assumption states that something might happen in the future or now, if the terms / certain conditions are met.

Type 1 Conditional formula:

·         Subject + If + subject + present simple modals (will, can, may, must) V1 (simple form)

example: If have money I will buy a new car

·         Simple If + Subject + ... + subject + present simple-present

example: If he has enough time, John usually walks to school.

·         If + Subject + ... + command simple present form

example: If you go to the post office, please mail this letter for me!

2. Unreal Present (Conditional Type 2)

This assumption states something contrary to what exists or happens now.

+ If + subject + subject + simple past modals (would, could, might) V1 (Simple Form)

example:     If I had time, I would go to the beach with you this weekend

(I do not have time so I could not go)

.

If the conditional type 2 can be removed is by using pattern inversion:

Were + subject + Adj / Noun + capital + subject (would, could, might) + V1

example: Were I John I would not forgive you.

(If only I was the john I will not forgive you, in fact I

not john so I forgive you / I'm not John so I forgive you).

He could hug me, if he were here. (She may hug me, if he's here). The fact is: he can not hug me, Because, he is not here.

3. Unreal Past (Conditional Type 3)

This assumption states something contrary to what has happened (past).

Type 3 Conditional formula:

+ If + Subject + Past Perfect ... subject modals (would, could, might) have + V3

example:

1. If we had known that you were there, we would have written you a letter.

(If only we knew you were there, we had sent a letter to you;

which means that we do not send the letter because we do not know you're there / I did not know that you were there so I did not write you a letter.

e.      Noun Clauses

Noun clause is a clause (ie subject and verb) is used as a noun. Noun clause in the sentence is generally used as a subject and an object sentences.

Noun clause can be preceded by:

• Question word or relative pronoun question either single word or phrase:

Single question word (ie when, how, what, ect.).

Question word + determiner / noun / adjective / adverb.

Question word + infinitive.

So the pattern of the noun clause is:

Question word / conjunction / that + subject + verb + ...

A. Noun clauses beginning with the words Question

How to Address Questions in've discussed about the use of the word good in making the information asked questions and in making embedded questions. Embedded questions are noun clause. In this section are given additional examples to refresh your memory.

1. Single question words.

Example:

1. Where she is now is still unknown.

2. When they arrive is still uncertain.

Noun clause can be placed at the beginning of the sentence (as subject) or as an object. If you want to change the position of the subject noun clause object sentence into a sentence, it is usually necessary pronoun or a slight modification of the word.

The above example becomes:

1. It is still unknown where she is now.

2. Do you know when they arrive?

3. Two Hollywood movies starred by Jennifer Love Hewitt are I know what you did last summer and I still know what you did last summer. Because the title of movies, noun clause what you did last summer does not need to be rotated position.

Note:

a) Clause question preceded by certain words (ie when, Whenever, where) can also function as an adverbial clause.

Example:

1. I was reading a book when the phone rang.

2. I went to where I and my ex-girlfriend had been last weekend.

3. Suddenly I get nausea Whenever I see his face. (Nausea = nausea / vomiting willing).

b). Clause is preceded by the words specific question (ie who, Whom, Whose + noun) can also function as an adjective clause. In this case, the question is actually a relative pronoun. Well, do not be too confused by the term. Important that you understand the pattern / structure of the sentence. But, if you are curious, please read the adjective clauses topic.

Example:

1. I think you Whom Mr. Dodi was looking for. (I guess you (people) who pack Dodi were looking for earlier).

2. Mr. Dodi, who is a teacher, was looking for you at school.

3. Rommy, Whose book was stolen last week, just bought another new book yesterday.

So, how to tell if the noun clause, adverbial clause, or adjective clause? The answer is simple. Noun clause can be replaced by the pronoun it, while the adverbial clause and adjective clause no. Noun clause answers the question what and who / Whom; adverbial clause answering questions when, where, how (including how much, how often, ect), and why. Adjective clause (ie in the form of an adjective clause) describes noun, and relative pronounnya (ie who, that, ect.) In Indonesian means "the".

2. Question words + ever / soever

Except how, at the end of question words can be added ever or soever Whenever = whensoever, whatever = whatsoever, and so on. Meaning here ever or soever the same, ie only / no, stay combined with a question word in front of him. Meanwhile, how + ever be however (ie adverb or also called a transition word meaning yet / even if it is) is not included in this category.

Example:

1. We will accept whatever you want us to do. (We will accept / do whatever you want us to do).

2. Whoever can melt her feeling is a very lucky guy. (Melt = melt). Be careful: guy (pronounced gae) = men, while gay (read gei) = fag = fag.

3. She has agreed to wherever the man would bring her. (He has agreed to take him wherever he goes). Note: in speaking (informal), preposition (in this case to, etc.) Is usually placed at the end of the sentence. She has agreed wherever the man would bring her to.

3. Question nouns + words

Question words + nouns are often used, among others: what time (time), what day (what day), what time (time), what kind (what kind), what type (what type), Whose + nouns (ie Whose car, Whose book, ect.), and so on.

Example:

1. I can not remember what day we will take the exam.

2. As long as I am faithful, she does not care what type of family I come from. (Faithful = loyal).

3. Do you know what time it is?

4. I do not know Whose car is parked in front of my house.

4. Question adjectives + words

+ Question words are frequently used adjectives such as: how long (how long / long), how far (how much), how old (how old / Age), ect.

Example:

1. Man! She still looks young. Do you know how old she actually is?

2. I am lost. Could you tell me how far it is from here to the post office?

3. What a jerk. He did not even ask how long I had been waiting for him.

5. Question words + determiners.

Determiners + Question words often used is: how many (how many) and how much (how many). Remember: how many followed by plural nouns, whereas how much followed by uncountable nouns.

Example:

1. Is there any correlation between how good he or she is in English and how many books he or she has?

2. How much will improve your English skills is determined by how hard you practice.

6. Question words + adverbs.

+ Question words are frequently used adverbs are: how Often (how often), how many times (how many times) ect.

Example:

1. Often no matter how I practice, my English still sucks. (No matter how many times I practice, my english is bad). Suck (informal verb) = bad / not good; suck another meaning: suck.

2. I do not want my parents to know how many times I have left school early. (Leave school early = absent).

7. Question words + infinitives.

If the question words immediately followed by infinitives, the invinitives implies shouldatau can / could. Note that the subject after question words omitted.

Example:

1. She did not know what to do = She did not know what she should do. (He does not know what he should do).

2. Please tell me how to get the train station from here = Please tell me how I can get the train station from here.

3. We have not Decided when to go to the beach = We have not Decided when we should go to the beach.

4. Mary told us where to find her = Marry told us where we could find her.

B. Noun clauses beginning with Whether / if

Whether can be followed by OR / NOT can not; meaning of the sentence is usually the same although the OR / NOT is not mentioned (it depends on the context of the sentence).

Example:

1.       Whether I am not sure she is coming or not = I am not sure Whether or not she is coming = I am not sure Whether she is coming. (I'm not sure whether he will come or not).

2.       We can not decide Whether we should go out or stay home. = We can not decide Whether to go or (to) stay home. Note, infinitives can also be used after Whether.

3.       Whether I am not sure I should take economics or law after I graduate from high school. (I'm not sure if I should take some Economic Law after graduating from high school or later).

C. Noun clauses beginning with that / the fact that

Here, that means that, while the fact that means the fact that. Whereas, that in adjective clauses mean that.

Example:

1. That she has had a PhD degree at the age of 20 surprises a lot of people = It surprises a lot of people that she has had a PhD degree at the age of 20.

2. It is the fact that the world is round = the fact that the world is round is well known.

3. It was obvious that she was very sick = The fact that she was very sick was obvious.

4. It seems that it is going to rain soon.

Example Problem:

1. The teacher heard who answered the question. (C)

Analysis:

• The first sentence "The teacher heard" is true because the subject teacher and heard verbnya. The second sentence "Who answered the phoned" is also true because who serves as a subject and answered as verbnya. Who at the same time also serves as connetor.

• So the above sentence is correct.

2. I do not understand it went wrong. (I)

Analysis:

• The first sentence "I do not understand" is correct because I do not understand the subject and verb. The second sentence "it went wrong" is wrong because there is no connector at once subject.

• correct sentence should be: I do not understand what went wrong.What subject and also serves as a connector, while his went as a verb.

3. Of the three movies, I can not decide is the best roomates. (C)

Analysis:

• In the first sentence, I can not decide as Subject and as a verb. In the second sentence, roomates as well as the subject and the connector is a verb.

4. She did not remember who in her class. (I)

Analysis:

• In the first sentence, as She did not remember the subject and the verb. Dikalimat second, who as a connector and also subject but no verbnya,

• ayng correct sentence should ................. who was in her class.

5. No one is sure what did it happen in front of the building. (I)

Analysis:

• The first sentence is correct because No one is subject and is is a verb, but the second sentence is wrong because there was and it did. Seharusnay did and it deleted and verb "happen" into the past tense "happened".

• So the correct sentence should be: ....... what happened in front of the building.

STRATEGI MENGERJAKAN LISTENING TOEFL

TOEFL (Test Of English as a Foreign Language) is a test of English language proficiency (American accent) are required to enroll into college (college) or university in the United States or other countries in the world. This exam is required for applicants whose native language or the speaker is not English. The purpose of the TOEFL is to measure the extent of our ability in mastering the English language, TOEFL is also often used to get a scholarship either inside or outside the country.
            There are many types of TOEFL tests, such as TOEFL ITP TOEFL or international. This kind TOEFL recognized International Standards and are typically used to get an international scholarship. Other types of the TOEFL prediction. TOEFL this type can only be used only in the country (national standard). TOEFL is usually used to get a scholarship or apply for a job in the country. Lately, too many companies that also include TOEFL State as a condition of acceptance of new employees. Someone has deemed dominate English (advance) if the TOEFL score has reached 500 points. It is a standard value of the applied current TOEFL.
            For some people, to reach a value of 500 in the TOEFL test is not easy. That is because they do not know how to do the TOEFL test correctly. In the TOEFL test work we need to do some strategies for TOEFL test scores we can achieve 500 points or more. TOEFL consists of 2 types of computer-based testing and paper-based testing. There are four sections in the test TOEFL test them, namely: Listening Comprehension, Structure And Written Expression, Reading Comprehension and Written Test Of English.
The first session is a session on TOEFL Listening Comprehension test. In general, this session consists of 50 questions or inquiries. We are required to hear some of the conversations that have been recorded previously, and then answer the questions based on the information that has been mentioned by cassette / tape.


There are three sections in Listening Comprehension sessions. These parts are:
• PART A - Consists of 30 short conversations, each conversation was followed by a question. You are required to select the best answer for each question mentioned by the speaker.
• PART B - Consists of two long conversations, each followed by several questions. So, in a conversation contains information to answer a few (2 or 3) questions.
• PART C - Consists of three conversations, each conversation followed by some questions.
For most people, Listening Comprehension is the hardest part when TOEFL tests. This time I will try to summarize what strategies should be done in order to answer the questions in the Listening Comprehension well.
There are several common strategies for the Listening Comprehension, including:
1. Understand the forms of the command (direction) in each section (part) well before D-day exam.
2. Read the options on each question as much as possible when the narrator is reading direction and example problems (example).
3. Listen with full concentration and focus your attention on the conversation you are listening.
4. Maximize your listening skills on the first questions in each part.
Part A: Short Conversations, a strategy that should be done is:
1. Focus your hearing on the second.
2. Do not panic if you can not understand word for word in a complete conversation. You only need to capture an idea or content of the conversation.
3. If you absolutely can not understand what the speaker was talking about both, choose the best answer is different from what you hear.
4. Understand the functional forms of expression (agreement (consent), uncertainty (uncertainty), suggestion (suggestion), surprise (shock)), idiomatic, expression, and situations when the conversation is done.
Part B: Longer Conversation, a strategy that should be done is:
1. When the narrator reads part B direction you should read the answer choices at a glance and then record it and expecting the theme of what will be a conversation.
2. When listening to the conversation, you have to know what theme / topic.
3. Beware of each question.
4. Pay attention to the conditions and situations that occurred during the conversation, namely regarding the place and time of the conversation, what and who is concerned.
Part C: Talks, a strategy that should be done is:
1. If you have time, take a look at the answer choices listed in a booklet and find the key word.
2. Be aware of the conversation in the first sentence because it usually will be the topic for the next sentences.
3. Focus your hearing on matters relating to the 5-W questions (what, who, when, where, why) and How.
4. Draw conclusions the situation that occurs when the conversation is done.